The Century Foundation. infect themselves with deadly diseases to gain protection as HIV-positive patients. One 2022 study examining over 4,000 asylum applications in France between 1976 and 2016 found that Muslims were less likely than Christians to receive asylum. Laitin also offers insight into how European Union (EU) policy is supporting a surge of refugees that the United Nations has described as the largest humanitarian crisis Europe has seen since World War II. Andrew Limbong is a reporter for NPR's Arts Desk, where he does pieces on anything remotely related to arts or culture, from streamers looking for mental health on Twitch to Britney Spears' fight over her conservatorship. Moving forward, these new policies and attitudes towards people seeking refuge should be the norm . At a time when Western states are highly concerned with maintaining influence in the Middle Eastern debacle, excluding people from their shores seems ill-advised. These two groups are treated very differently, however, due to the prevalent stereotypes that exist about them in society. While the two categories are treated differently by law, in practice they are both asylum seekers. For example, a person who fears he might catch a deadly disease from refugees is reacting to a direct threat, but a person who fears negative changes in politics of the country, such as a significant increase in popular support for extremist right-wing and far-right parties, is reacting to an indirect or extended threat. Both direct and indirect threats were related to unfavorable attitudes toward refugees, so there may be a bidirectional relationship between peoples attitudes and their perception of threat: The perception of threat gives rise to negative attitudes toward outsiders, and negative attitudes also cause greater threat perception. Does the Ukraine crisis reveal any other blind spots or systemic failures in migration policy and discourse? The reports advocate for lifting labor restrictions and preventing discrimination against asylum seekers. The reasons for this difference. They want to work and maintain their dignity, not just be refugees, he explained to me over the phone earlier this week. Many Central and Eastern Europeans are empathising with. "Many nations today are spending much more money and energy on finding ways to prevent refugees and asylum seekers from ever crossing their border than they are in protecting people who have been. The Harbour Project charity said many Ukrainians received immediate refugee. Approximately 18,000 Europeans from 15 countries were given profiles and asked whom they would grant asylum; the study found a consistent bias against Muslim asylum-seekers, who were 11 percentage points less likely to be accepted than otherwise similar Christians. Corroborating this anti-Muslim bias among Europeans, another experiment in France concluded that increasing numbers of Muslims in France resulted in increased xenophobia. subscribe to Stanford Report. Guinean student Moustapha Bagui Sylla recalled, They stopped us at the border and told us that Blacks were not allowed. We want to hear what you THINK. Landmann, H., Gaschler, R., & Rohmann, A. Since being forced to wait one additional year for the asylum decisions lowers the probability of being employed by about 4.9 percentage points'' due to skills atrophy and demoralization, it is more difficult for non-Ukrainian refugees to integrate into the workforce. As political scientist Lamis Abdelaaty describes, Europeans see Ukrainians as White and Christian, similar to the way that many in European countries see themselves. Eastern Europeans are especially welcoming of Ukrainians, with whom they share a sense of fraternity; many people move around within Eastern Europe, so nationalities expand beyond each nations borders. For example, Orbn seeks to establish a Christian democracy in Hungary, and he has stated that Christian and Muslim society will never unite. This potent anti-Muslim, Christian supremacy rhetoric explains why Hungary welcomes Christian Ukrainians and rejects Muslim refugees from Africa and the Middle East. Syrians are careful to disassociate themselves from the refugee identity. Social Issues and Policy Review, 11, 78-123. Furthermore, according to Hanne Beirens, Migration Policy Institute think tank director, the prioritization of Ukrainian refugees restricts the resources available to other refugees, such as housing and language courses; this inequality creates a two-tiered system of refugee integration. Syrians rejection of the refugee category reflects the widespread association in the Middle East of refugees with Palestinians, who have for decades lived in UN-assisted camps in the region. Whether the threat is true or imagined, immigrants might be perceived as threatening in a number of ways. In 2012, at the onset of the current refugee crisis, I interviewed young Afghan and African asylum seekers in Denmark who expressed frustration with their confinement in asylum centers in remote areas, which they felt prevented them from integrating with their host community. CHARLIE D'AGATA: You know, this is a relatively civilized, relatively European - I have to choose those words carefully, too - city where you wouldn't expect that LIMBONG: The phrasing rankled enough people that he issued a clarifying apology a day later. While the first three threats may be considered direct threats, the other three are extended threats. Please submit a letter to the editor. Those seeking security at our southern border should not be treated any differently. Why are asylum seekers treated differently to other refugees? Masses of refugees from Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Somalia, Yemen, and elsewhere have faced racially motivated hostility in. (Image credit: Michele Tantussi /Getty Images), as the largest humanitarian crisis Europe has seen since World War II, were more likely to reject Muslim applicants, Swiss voters denying citizenship to Muslim applicants, fearing and discriminating against increasing numbers of Muslims in their midst, only a small share of the migrants there expressed an interest in reaching Europe, urban Ukrainians tend to have higher skill levels than other middle-income countries, Stanford scholar explores the impact of racial stress on Black youth. Refugees are not citizens of the country of asylum and therefore have specific protection needs. Many are living with so-called foster families and are being exploited . But we need to remember that Europeans were impressively generous to the first wave of Syrian refugees, but as the numbers increased, attitudes quickly became exclusive. (Washington, DC) - The US deployment of border agents on horseback against Haitian migrants on September 19, 2021, stems from abusive and racially discriminatory immigration policies by the. Barbed political rhetoric both reflects and exacerbates these trends among Europeans. Rather than bringing people to safety via transit centers and, ultimately, to countries including the United States, these flights are sending vulnerable migrants and asylum-seekers back to danger returning them to the very places theyre fleeing. Meanwhile, Poland erected a border fence, started to build a wall, passed legislation to make entry more difficult, and only accepted about 5.7 percent of asylum applications in 2020. In this post, I discuss new research by Helen Landmann and colleagues in Germany, which has examined the reasons people use to justify anti-refugee hostility. [vi] Immigration policies are allegedly based on principles like "the reunification of families, admitting immigrants with skills that are valuable to the U.S. economy, protecting refugees, and promoting diversity." He's the host of NPR's Book of the Day podcast and a frequent host on Life Kit. as many EU members have already acknowledged, dismissed the EUs call for sharing the responsibility, could not only win skilled workers, but also hearts and minds, http://www.cfr.org/syria/assessing-syrian-refugee-crisis/p33595, Order from Ashes Podcast: Broken Bonds: Existential Crises, Order from Ashes Podcast: Broken Bonds: My Life as a Muslim Brother, Order from Ashes Podcast: The Earthquake, Cholera, and Borders, The Systems That Drive Corruption and Terrorism, Order from Ashes Podcast: Broken Bonds: No Identity, Q&A: Netanyahus Total War on Israels Judiciary. deported back to their home countries, where they are at great risk of torture or prosecution. The consequences are devastating, as reports of violence and insecurity in their countries of origin, along transit routes and in Mexico abound. As anthropologist Miriam Ticktin has documented, some even infect themselves with deadly diseases to gain protection as HIV-positive patients and thereby gain residence. Turkey, a crucial political ally in the region already overburdened with hosting almost three million Syrian refugees and managing a failing security sector, is not well-fit to host additional people.Sundays incidentwhen Turkish security guards shot and killed eleven Syrian refugees attempting to cross the Syria-Turkey borderis only the latest stark example of Turkeys inability to protect incoming migrants. In line with these recommendations, countries with high migration rate such as Germany, Sweden, and Italy offer asylum seekers temporary work permits while their applications are being processed. Attitudes also are affected by humanitarian concerns: When a refugee is perceived to have a valid claim or specific vulnerability for example, if he or she was a victim of torture support is generally higher. Every threat type was correlated with unfavorable views of migration and refugees and with favoring more restrictive control of migration. Why aren't all refugees treated like Ukrainian refugees? Khoury, the researcher, says race plays a part in all of this but also proximity and geopolitics, too. To answer this question, they conducted a second study using a sample of 289 female and 118 male students (average age of 32 years). LIMBONG: Mahdis Keshavarz is a board member with the Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association, which put out a statement criticizing this framing, which Keshavarz says relies on old tropes. What explains the difference? Religious and other prejudices are often intertwined; the disparity between how the EU treats Ukrainian and non-Ukrainian refugees stems from Europeans empathy for Ukrainians and the othering of African and Middle Eastern refugees. Are Zoomies a Sign of a Happy Dog or a Crazy Dog? KESHAVARZ: So as journalists, I think it's really critical that we look at that duality, and we question why that is. She said she told U.S. officers that she was a victim of violence in her home country and requested asylum at the U.S. border. The participants were initially asked how many refugees Germany could host per year and then asked what would happen if this number was exceeded. Why are some refugees treated differently than others? They can even enter Slovakia and Poland without papers, countries displaying potent anti-refugee sentiments during the 2015 Syrian refugee crisis. "But instead, it really is night and day if we talk about the programs for Afghanistan's refugees.". LIMBONG: Mahdis Keshavarz is a board member with the Arab and Middle Eastern Journalists Association, which put out a statement criticizing this framing, which Keshavarz says relies on old tropes. But at the same time, the Biden administration has been quietly engaged in another series of evacuation flights, this time at our southern border. This led to a disorganized and desperate re-migration throughout Europe, with refugees under continued fear of being repatriated. If there are too many refugees being housed in hotels, it's because the home office has been shown to be incapable of processing people quickly and letting them earn their own living. According to DR's calculations, the distance from Denmark's border with Germany to the Ukraine-Poland border is 1,270 kilometres, and to the Syria-Turkey border 3,760 . Syrian refugees desire to work speaks to a broader sentiment, shared by many asylum seekers, that employment matters more than protection. U.S. intelligence agencies have assessed that. Similarly, right-wing European officials used the recent sexual harassment scandal in Cologne to fuel cultural bias and collective punishment against all asylum seekers. With the recent mass shooting in Germany, some people are again asking why anybody would hate refugees and aliens (i.e. Even though refugees are always victims of conflict, the civil war in Syria is more difficult to fit into this binary of right versus wrong, which may affect the EUs perceived political expediency of aiding Syrian refugees. Racism also impacts refugee treatment by influencing media coverage. Melissa De Witte, Stanford News Service: [email protected], The researchers created maps showing where warmer weather has left trees in conditions that dont suit them, making them more prone to being replaced by other species. It took three. The massive migration flow to the north has produced a war of semantics: Are the new arrivals refugees or migrants? Others avoid registering for asylum, not for practical reasons but out of a sense of dignity. It is not enough for them simply to stay alive. While not able to help everyone, the U.S. ensured that more than 123,000 people were safely flown out of Afghanistan and has already accepted 64,000 evacuees. Moreover, they were not permitted to work until their asylum application was approved. KESHAVARZ: So as journalists, I think it's really critical that we look at that duality, and we question why that is. The Century Foundation Turkish security guards shot and killed eleven Syrian refugees. The Detail asks why they are treated differently to refugees coming in through the quota system? The death of Alan Kurdi: one year on, compassion towards refugees fades: Toddler's death opened European hearts and policy towards refugees, but 12 months on those changes have proved temporary. IPL researchers analyzed survey data collected at transit hubs across West and Central Africa, and they found that only a small share of the migrants there expressed an interest in reaching Europe. ANDREW LIMBONG, BYLINE: On Friday, CBS News senior foreign correspondent Charlie D'Agata framed the fighting in Kyiv like this. RANA KHOURY: We certainly do see it play out in terms of the politics of refugee reception in the idea of whose burden should it be to take refugees who are from the global South, the Middle East, Africa, versus, you know, who is welcome and who can be brought in here. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. She previously worked as a Middle East Fellow at the Independent Diplomat Advisory Group and as an adviser at the Permanent Mission of Afghanistan to the UN. Examining these six threat types, researchers tried to determine if only one or two of them might explain hostility toward refugees just as well or even better than all six factors combined. Other EU countries are now considering taking similar steps. Saif Khalid of Al Jazeera attributes this disparate language to primarily white media outlets that [lack] diversity and perspective and enforce racial stereotypes. What is threatening about refugees? In the words of Al Jazeera journalist Saif Khalid, when white people commit terrorism this is seen as an individual act that does not represent the entire race. In Srebrenica in July 1995, towards the end of the 1992-1995 civil war in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbs massacred 8,000 Bosnian Muslims, a blatant act of genocide. IE 11 is not supported. More than half - nearly 548,000 - have fled to Poland which shares a 500km border with Ukraine. For example, Ukrainians and Poles are fast-tracked across the border near Medyka, Poland, while everyone else must wait 14 to 50 hours to cross. MAHDIS KESHAVARZ: I always kind of think this imagery of, like, this pearl clutch of being just aghast that something can happen in your backyard, where things are happening in other people's backyards all the time. The injunction also only applies to families, so single adults can continue to be removed. Governments and civilians around the world have vocalized their support for Ukraine and opposition to Russia; therefore, the EU risks international backlash if it fails to absorb and aid millions of Ukrainian refugees. Unfortunately, extremists and right-wing politicians alike have used the sensitive political climate to strike fear and tensions. HERIKA MARTINEZ/AFP/Getty Images. Job insecurity, poverty, and hunger can leave people with no other choice but to risk everything on a boat across the Mediterranean. That flow increased the worlds refugee population by about 9 million over the next decade, according to data from UNHRC, the United Nations Refugee Agency. Lest we forget, barrel bombs are not the only threat to life. As such, refugees are generally asylum seekers who have been granted the right to asylum in another country (refugee status). The Russian incursion has sparked the fastest growing refugee crisis since World War II, forcing more than 2 . Two recent reports from the European Parliament show that despite short-term costs, labor integration of both asylum seekers and refugees will generate long-term economic gains that exceed the costs. Migrants, on the other hand, live without legal protection and can be deported at any time. Copyright 2022 NPR. The EU report challenges her statement by showing that, rather than signifying asylum seekers lack of desire to work, the slow inclusion of asylum seekers into the labor market is a result of poor implementation: Many employers in Sweden are simply not aware that asylum seekers are allowed to work. Why don't we treat all refugees as though they were Ukrainian? An additional . Identifying different types of threat and their association with emotional responses and attitudes towards refugee migration. Who wants to hire an asylum seeker still at risk of deportation, since their application hasnt been accepted yet? The deal gives EU states free passes to return migrants and failed asylum seekers to Turkey. Second, under the EUs temporary protection directive, any Ukrainian national who flees as a result of the invasion, plus his or her partners and children of any nationality, may receive permission to stay in any EU country for one year; previously, a Ukrainian passport permitted visa-free entry into the EU for only up to 90 days. Swiss Justice Minister Karin Keller-Sutter predicted that up to 50,000 people from Ukraine would arrive in the country before June to date, the highest number of war refugees to enter Switzerland in the 21st century. Does a Dog's Head Shape Predict How Smart It Is? Stanford News is a publication of Stanford University Communications. However, IPL research has found that Europeans care deeply about fairness in the EU asylum system, and that large majorities would support a plan to allocate asylum seekers in proportion to each countrys capacity, even if that meant their own country would receive more. The International Monetary Fund has also urged the EU to lift labor restrictions on refugees and migrants, and reward employers for providing them employment. Meanwhile, work gains do not mitigate the fear many European politicians and citizens express over the long-term cultural impact migration inflow will have on the region. Assistant Professor Farzana Saleem on how to mitigate the toll racial stressors take on kids mental health. The U.S. government has committed to resettle tens of thousands of Afghan and Ukrainian refugees. Refugee The United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) defines refugees as those who have fled from conflict and persecution to seek protection in another country. This has meant that asylum-seekers have been expelled in violation of the United Nations 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, which prevents countries from returning people to places where they face threats to their lives or freedom without providing them the opportunity to apply for asylum. One of the many things that Russian President Vladimir Putin did not expect when he launched his gratuitously stupid invasion of Ukraine was international resolve. Asylum applicants in northern Europe receive welfare benefits including free education and health care while their applications are being processed, which presents a considerable cost to society. Germany, for example, has suffered fromzero population growth for years and is in acute need of young, able-bodied workers to feed its massive industrial economy. (Capacity would be determined by population, GDP, unemployment rate and other factors.) As of March 4, Canada has only resettled 8,580 of . Refugees and migrants arrive to Europe by the same road; they also face the same challenges in seeking asylum, labor, and housing, as well as integrating into their host communities. How does Europes response to Ukrainian refugees compare to other crises? are at risk of torture, or cruel or unusual punishment in their home countries. Here are some suggestions: To understand the real effects of migration on us and our country, we must rely on data (e.g., economic indicators and crime rates), not ideology. record-high 65 million people have been displaced, one million people who crossed borders into the European Union, face the same challenges in seeking asylum, labor, and housing, European asylum system has effectively broken down, efined by international humanitarian law as people in need of protection, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) stipulates, refugees and migrants apply for the same asylum. Chancellor Angela Merkel is facing her biggest political crisis to date over this issue, with over 40 percent of Germans calling for her resignation this year in response to her open-border policy. She and her daughters then found themselves on a bus back to Guatemala, the place where they had fled violence in the first place. 1. Currently, Ukrainians benefit from the unprecedented implementation of the Temporary Protection Directive, which allows Ukrainian refugees to reside, seek employment, and attend school in the EU for three years, no official asylum approval necessary. Therefore, the latter must contend with heightened xenophobia, and numerous studies evidence discrimination against Muslim asylum seekers. Treatment of Haitians at the border in Texas exposes double standard toward refugees These asylum-seekers should be welcomed just like Afghans are being welcomed. Is it a vague feeling of hostility or does it stem from specific unpleasant experiences or future worries? ANDREW LIMBONG, BYLINE: On Friday, CBS News senior foreign correspondent Charlie D'Agata framed the fighting in Kyiv like this. Extensive efforts to support Ukrainian refugees are effectively progressive, yet they send a painfully clear message to non-Ukrainian refugees excluded from benefits: that they are less deserving of aid and acceptance. This crisis requires countries that are accepting refugees to have . Stanford, California 94305. Instead. Since the media expose Europeans more to the conflict in Ukraine, they are more aware of the atrocities and trauma necessitating Ukrainians flight to nearby countries; therefore, refugees need for asylum seems more legitimate. The majority of Afghans evacuated to the U.S. arrive without visas as humanitarian parolees, yet have been welcomed in the U.S. Addie Esposito is a staff writer and Senior Editor at the HIR. The Refugee Act of 1980 amended the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 and the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act, standardizing the process for admitting refugees into the United States. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. Esses, V. M., Hamilton, L. K., & Gaucher, D. (2017). The Supreme Court hears arguments today on President Bidens student loan forgiveness plan; John F. Cogan and Michael McConnell discuss their amicus brief opposing it. First, the rules of the EUs Dublin Convention will not pose the same burdens. Free visas to the EU. Kotada Al-Younes, a young Syrian journalist who has found exile in Sweden, told me that many Syrians in Sweden share this frustration with being confined and labelled as refugees: People want to keep their identity and their profession when they go abroad. The United States has been consumed with the mass evacuation and resettlement effort for vulnerable Afghans in the wake of the Taliban takeover of Afghanistan. During the 2015 refugee "crisis," the EU called for detaining arriving refugees for up to 18 months. Statistics show that asylum centers tend to isolate residents and restrict their access to the labor market. As the European asylum system has effectively broken down amid the recent inflow, it is time for the EUs wealthier member states to rethink current practices. At least 660,000 people have fled Ukraine in the five days following the start of Russia's invasion, the United Nations refugee agency U.N.H.C.R. In practice, refugees and migrants apply for the same asylum, which has somewhat disrupted the easy management of these categories. Refugees, defined by international humanitarian law as people in need of protection, are entitled to a privileged status. The Dublin Convention has been divisive and especially difficult for Italy and Greece, which have struggled to accommodate migrants arriving by sea. Compared to college students in previous samples, these participants reported perceiving even stronger threats and experiencing more hostility toward refugees. 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