This does not work at all for me for long periods. Is there any good idea to ceil or floor datetime in python3? https://stackoverflow.com/a/10854034/1431079. those over 1 day. I did try that but evidently my syntax was off. Thanks Yaniv! Does Python have a string 'contains' substring method? When rounding near a daylight savings time transition, use ambiguous or update 2019-12-27 = comment Bart incorporated; thank you. You'll need to subtract the first from the second. For example, if the rounding unit is month then next closest boundary of 2000-01-01 is 2000-02-01 00:00:00. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. where clocks moved forward due to DST. When rounding near daylight savings time, use nonexistent and ambiguous to control the re-localization behavior. Is there a more pythonic way of doing thing? Does Python have a ternary conditional operator? The round operation from Pandas rounds to the nearest minute, but what if you want to always round down to the nearest minute? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Illustrative examples: Relevant time related types I can think of: For a datetime.datetime rounding, see this function: rev2023.3.1.43269. it has the disadvantage of only working for timeslices less than an hour. The function below with minimum of import will do the job. rev2023.3.1.43269. What would be an elegant, efficient and Pythonic way to perform a h/m/s rounding operation on time related types in Python with control over the rounding resolution? Thank you so much! Press J to jump to the feed. How do I merge two dictionaries in a single expression in Python? Rounding up to nearest 30 minutes in python, https://stackoverflow.com/a/10854034/1431079, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. How do I concatenate two lists in Python? By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. How to return only the Date from a SQL Server DateTime datatype, How to round a number to n decimal places in Java. The two transformations are applied as a single step to make it easier to add to an M query than two separate steps. There is no universal method for rounding to either the start and end of the month in Pandas, as is the case with rounding to the nearest minute or hour. 2023 Stephen Allwright - // Make function round to nearest minute by default, // Convert to number of days since 30/12/1899. DatetimeIndex(['2018-01-01 11:59:00', '2018-01-01 12:00:00'. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. How to Round the Minute of a Datetime Object. Do EMC test houses typically accept copper foil in EUT? When you call RoundDateTime, the DateTime integer value is rounded as a numeric variable. 5 minutes): or a combination of multiple units, like 1H30T (i.e. Docs - Change the frequency string as needed. seconds. @poulter7 The floor functions though only works on a single value, not a Datetime index, @s.paszko replace three lines starting from, Ah but then the problem here is that the hour must increase as well. Rounding your datetimes where possible can help Vertipaq to compress your model much better. Hosted by OVHcloud. if the rounding unit is month then next closest boundary of 2000-01-01 nonexistent times. floor_date() takes a date-time object and rounds it down to the nearest A timestamp can be rounded using multiple frequency units: freq can also be a multiple of a single unit, like 5T (i.e. Do you need your, CodeProject, This is done by Round Pandas DateTime to hourRound Pandas DateTime to dayRound Pandas DateTime to secondsRound Python DateTime to quarter hour, Pandas round documentationPandas floor documentationPandas ceil documentation. a string, Period object or a date-time object. Does anyone here know how to round down a time to nearest 15-minute interval For example: 7:47AM should be 7:45AM 8:15AM remains 8:15AM 10:59AM should be 10:45AM I have found this question but it ROUNDS UP to the nearest 15minutes. control the re-localization behavior. Thanks @skoval00 - it took me a while to figure out why the function was not working with my data. import pandas as pd df = pd.DataFrame( columns=["datetime"], data=pd.date_range("1/1/2022 20:26:00", periods=10, freq="min")) df["hour_datetime"] = df["datetime"].dt.round("H") """ Output: datetime hour . near daylight savings time, use nonexistent and ambiguous to Therefore, we need to use different workaround methods for both rounding to the start and end of the month. For instance: Theme Copy t1 = datetime ('now','Format','yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm') the result of the previous code is Theme Copy 2018-03-08 10:34 So, I would like to obtain . You may also want to return the minute not as a DateTime object but as an integer instead, this is possible with just a small addition to the previous example. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. I have a datetime object produced using strptime(). closest existing time, NaT will return NaT where there are nonexistent times, timedelta objects will shift nonexistent times by the timedelta. Edit - got it! If you have a report where you could sacrifice a small amount of precision for big improvements in report file size, then you may find the following Power Query function helpful. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. This seems like a non-answer answer, but I don't know how you could improve upon what you already have. Python round minutes to the nearest quarter hour Raw round_minutes_to_quarter_hour.py This file contains bidirectional Unicode text that may be interpreted or compiled differently than what appears below. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. These posts are my way of sharing some of the tips and tricks I've picked up along the way. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. In this post, I will walk through how to do this simply in multiple variations. This function can also be adapted to work on time columns rather than just datetimes. 2000-01-01 --> 2000-01-01 00:00:00. Great answer, with options for rounding up and down, very useful for me! If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. if this is NULL (the default), instants on the Round to nearest 5 minutes with default ouput format = hh:mm as follow, Or round to nearest hour with ouput format hh:mm:ss as follow. This approach does not round to arbitrary time amounts as above methods, but is a nicely Pythonic way to round to a given hour, minute or second. I'm not going to look at your solution and see if I can come up with my own, but I get it now. if you need full date and time just remove the .strftime('%H:%M:%S'). Retrieve the current price of a ERC20 token from uniswap v2 router using web3js, Is it safe to talk about ideas that have not patented yet over public email, 20:11:13 % (10 minutes) => (1 minutes and 13 seconds). Most of the answers seem to be too complicated for such a simple question. What does the "yield" keyword do in Python? Since you seem to be using Python 2.7, to drop any trailing zeros, you may need to change: str(round(float(item.split()[1].split(':')[-1]))), str(round(float(item.split()[1].split(':')[-1]))).rstrip('0').rstrip('.'). python datetime round to nearest hour Stacey from datetime import datetime, timedelta now = datetime.now () def hour_rounder (t): # Rounds to nearest hour by adding a timedelta hour if minute >= 30 return (t.replace (second=0, microsecond=0, minute=0, hour=t.hour) +timedelta (hours=t.minute//30)) print (now) print (hour_rounder (now)) What I have been doing up to this point was taking the minute value and using round() on it. In this code example we combine these operations into a simple function whose inputs are the DateTime that will be rounded, and the time window to round towards, which in our case will be 15 minutes. is 2000-02-01 00:00:00. At what point of what we watch as the MCU movies the branching started? The result is wrapped in a second function that restores the datetime type, which is stripped away when applying the custom function. Please note that rounding to # imprecise representation at 0.1 sec !!! If the rounding unit is smaller than a day, return the instant from step 2 It works, it's concise, it's flexible (not hard-coded to a specific interval), it truncates fractions of a minute, and it maintains the Kind property. Subreddit for posting questions and asking for general advice about your python code. Please check your inbox and click the link to confirm your subscription. C# DateTime ( ( (dt.Ticks + d.Ticks - 1) / d.Ticks) * d.Ticks); Thanks in advance. All Rights Reserved. Here is a simpler generalized solution without floating point precision issues and external library dependencies: if you don't want to use condition, you can use modulo operator: .. if you want result as string. as in example? But none of them have paid off unfortunately. where clocks moved forward due to DST. By default, rounding up Date objects follows 3 steps: Convert to an instant representing lower bound of the Date: 2000-01-01 --> 2000-01-01 00:00:00. Therefore, in order to round to the nearest 15 minutes, we have to create a custom function to do this. Being able to round a DateTime object in Python to the nearest quarter hour can be extremely helpful for feature engineering. A nonexistent time does not exist in a particular timezone If this is FALSE, nothing on the boundary is rounded up at To do so, youd just need to change any references to the datetime type in the function definition to refer to the time type instead. Duress at instant speed in response to Counterspell. Understand that English isn't everyone's first language so be lenient of bad order, bool-ndarray where True signifies a DST time, False designates Decimal component stores the time component of the datetime, // Convert number from representing days to representing minutes. infer, bool-ndarray, NaT, default raise, shift_forward, shift_backward, NaT, timedelta, default raise. hasn't started clocking yet at the exact boundary 00:00:00. e.g. The previous example uses round which will round to the nearest 15 minutes, whether that is up or down. Wouldn't concatenating the result of two different hashing algorithms defeat all collisions? In these scenarios, Ive found it best to aggregate your timestamps by rounding to the nearest minute. python round down time to 10 minutes. python round datetime to nearest 15 min interval. Don't tell someone to read the manual. Perform round operation on the data to the specified freq. are second, minute, hour, day, week, month, bimonth, quarter, There was already an answer that explained the same thing: yes, thank you for pointing these out to me. Hosted by OVHcloud. All python round datetime to nearest quarter hour. a datetime object type - boolean, True - round up, False - round down resolution - minutes to round For example: 17:34, resolution: 30 minutes --> 18:00 if up, 17:30 if down 12:58, resolution: 15 minutes --> 13:00 if up, 12:45 if down 14:01, resolution: 60 minutes --> 15:00 if up, 14:00 if down Write a function named minutes that takes two datetimes and returns the number of minutes, rounded, between them. This will round up time data to a resolution as asked in the question: You can convert both times to seconds, do the modulo operati. Round up to the next closest rounding unit boundary. He develops engaging Power BI reports with high interactivity by employing UX principles and design thinking. python round date to nearest 30 minutes. (There is no notion of "leap seconds" here.) The first will always be older and the second newer. yes, if your data belongs to a DateTime column in a pandas series, you can round it up using the built-in pandas.Series.dt.round function. How to round the minute of a datetime object, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. boundary of the specified time unit. What you should do is subtract the two datetimes which will give you a timedelta object, then convert that to minutes. is in line with the behavior of R's base::round.POSIXt() function frequency aliases for Play with the function and you will see how easy it will be. but does not follow the convention of the base base::round() function 20 Bay Street, 11th Floor Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5J 2N8 What would happen if an airplane climbed beyond its preset cruise altitude that the pilot set in the pressurization system? This is the solution I've come up with, but it's not right, because the minutes aren't rounded -. Is the Dragonborn's Breath Weapon from Fizban's Treasury of Dragons an attack? a list of possible freq values. boundary remain unchanged, but Date objects are rounded up to the next An error occurred, please try again later. This helped me. © 2023 pandas via NumFOCUS, Inc. See examples. between two consecutive units, the convention is to round up. These posts are my way of sharing some of the tips and tricks I've picked up along the way. How do I check whether a file exists without exceptions? Rounding to multiples of units (except weeks) 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. In this post, I will explain how to do this simply in multiple variations. How did StorageTek STC 4305 use backing HDDs? If this is TRUE, instants on the boundary are rounded up to the Why does Jesus turn to the Father to forgive in Luke 23:34? Do EMC test houses typically accept copper foil in EUT? This way you can compare datetimes than differ in hours, days or years as well. Theme Copy % Create a sample datetime in the second half of the minute and set its format I tried it like this - return int(time_2.minute - time_1.minute)).round(minute) or something similar, but I see my mistake now. floating point representation of the POSIXct objects. When and how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out of gas? This content, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL), Hi. If you wanted to bother with special cases, modulo n seconds, where n is in (2,3,4,5,10,12,15,20,30), can be done with just the seconds part. Rounding to fractional seconds is also supported. Please check your inbox and click the link to confirm your subscription. You would round up to the next date_delta even if dt would not need rounding: e.g. used. RV coach and starter batteries connect negative to chassis; how does energy from either batteries' + terminal know which battery to flow back to? Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. Developed by Vitalie Spinu, Garrett Grolemund, Hadley Wickham. all. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. How to round the minute of a datetime in python. round_date() takes a date-time object and time unit, and rounds it to the nearest value How to round up (always) time to nearest ten? or a Series with the same index for a Series. Sam Fischer is a self-described Power BI Guru, and works as an Analytics Designer in Melbourne, Australia. Pandas DateTime round to hour. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Rounding to the nearest unit or multiple of a unit is supported. class datetime.time An idealized time, independent of any particular day, assuming that every day has exactly 24*60*60 seconds. For example, to implement rounding to the nearest hour, youd simply adjust the step where you apply the rounding function to use the expression RoundDateTime(_,60) instead of RoundDateTime(_). How does Pandas round to the start or end of the month in Python? change_on_boundary applies to instants only. In order to round a DateTime object to the nearest minute, you need to use the round operation from Pandas on the DateTime column and specify the frequency that you want to use. How can I recognize one? raise will raise an NonExistentTimeError if there are Index of the same type for a DatetimeIndex or TimedeltaIndex, What tool to use for the online analogue of "writing lecture notes on a blackboard"? raise will raise an NonExistentTimeError if there are For example, Ackermann Function without Recursion or Stack. closest existing time. python datetime round up hour. The simple weekly roundup of all the latest news, tools, packages, and use cases from the world of Data Science . Examples DatetimeIndex >>> Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for How to round the minute of a datetime object, Rounding up to nearest 30 minutes in Python. If rounding to the nearest minute doesnt reduce your model size enough, then you can use this function to round datetimes even further. Call function as follow: x ceiling_date() and floor_date() round to the max(x) and min(x) Write a function named minutes that takes two datetime s and returns the number of minutes, rounded, between them. What's the difference between a power rail and a signal line? I'm pretty bad at comprehending programming questions correctly as it turns out, I'm regularly left scratching my head at exactly what an assignment is after. shift_backward will shift the nonexistent time backward to the The timezone is Australi Theoretically Correct vs Practical Notation, Rename .gz files according to names in separate txt-file, Book about a good dark lord, think "not Sauron". What does a search warrant actually look like? For many applications, knowing the precise second that an event occurs isnt as important as knowing what minute or hour it occurred in. I would like to round the datetime variable to the previous 15 minutes interval. change_on_boundary to TRUE or FALSE. a non-DST time (note that this flag is only applicable for When unit is a date-time object rounding is done to the nearest of the The 'up' rounding is maybe not doing what most people expect. In this post, I will walk through how to do this simply in multiple variations. nonexistent to control how the timestamp should be re-localized. isoformat function of datetime module in python returns incorrect offset. Pandas is one of those packages and makes importing and analyzing data much easier. Look into using delta.total_seconds(), converting that to minutes and rounding should be easy. I'm a Data Scientist currently working for Oda, an online grocery retailer, in Oslo, Norway. For anyone curious, here's my final code: Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. season, halfyear and year. It's also compatible with timezone-aware datetimes. representation and passing as unit argument. NaT will return NaT where there are nonexistent times. meaningful specifications in the English language are supported - secs, min, If a question is poorly phrased then either ask for clarification, ignore it, or. Launching the CI/CD and R Collectives and community editing features for python how to round a timestamp by minute? Python doesnt have built-in functionality for rounding a DateTime to the nearest quarter hour, as it does for seconds, minutes, and hours. If you want classic rounding to the nearest 10 minute mark, do this: discard = datetime.timedelta (minutes=tm.minute % 10, seconds=tm.second, microseconds=tm.microsecond) tm -= discard if discard >= datetime.timedelta (minutes=5): tm += datetime.timedelta (minutes=10) or this: So what *is* the Latin word for chocolate? Note that this Clash between mismath's \C and babel with russian, Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics. One should use. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Must be a fixed raise will raise an AmbiguousTimeError for an ambiguous time. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. startOfMinute = dateshift (sampleData, 'start', 'minute') If you want the result to be rounded to the start of the nearest minute, which could be later than the input datetime, use 'start' with 'nearest'. A nonexistent time does not exist in a particular timezone Should I use the datetime or timestamp data type in MySQL? Find centralized, trusted content and collaborate around the technologies you use most. A common scenario for experiencing high cardinality columns is when youre dealing with event data, where you have precise datetimes down to the second for a series of events. i'm using this. My guess is that it would require a time modulo operation. Set lubridate.week.start to If a law is new but its interpretation is vague, can the courts directly ask the drafters the intent and official interpretation of their law? 1 hour and 30 minutes): When rounding near a daylight savings time transition, use ambiguous or Did you notice that a solution was provided and accepted five years ago? The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. I'm a Data Scientist currently working for Oda, an online grocery retailer, in Oslo, Norway. How do I round datetime column to nearest quarter hour, Rounding time off to the nearest second - Python. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. I use following code snippet to round to the next hour: I think I'd convert the time in seconds, and use standard modulo operation from that point. An ambiguous time timezone should I use the datetime type, which is stripped when! Check your inbox and click the link to confirm your subscription and ambiguous to control how the should! Other answers the branching started engine youve been waiting for: Godot ( Ep I merge two dictionaries in cookie... Relevant time related types I can think of: for a datetime.datetime rounding, see our tips on writing answers. Nonexistent and ambiguous to control the re-localization behavior combination of multiple units, like 1H30T ( i.e the... Are rounded up to the nearest minute what we watch as the MCU movies the branching?! A date-time object check whether a file exists without exceptions return NaT where there are for,. Add to an M query than two separate steps the exact boundary 00:00:00. e.g perform round operation on the to! Using strptime ( ), converting that to minutes clarification, or responding to other.. Non-Super mathematics columns rather than just datetimes around the technologies you use most specified! Module in Python content and collaborate around the technologies you use most Python to the nearest minute doesnt reduce model! Has n't started clocking yet at the exact boundary 00:00:00. e.g helpful for feature engineering ', '2018-01-01 12:00:00.... A datetime.datetime rounding, see this function can also be adapted to work on time rather! Way of doing thing Fizban 's Treasury of Dragons an attack can also be adapted to work on time rather. Best to aggregate your timestamps by rounding to the nearest second - Python consent submitted only... Good idea to ceil or floor datetime in python3 BI Guru, and works as Analytics! Non-Answer answer, but I do n't know how you could improve what! Share knowledge within a single step to make it easier to add to an M than! Time modulo operation the same index for a Series with the same index for a datetime.datetime,. That rounding to the nearest minute concatenating the result is wrapped in a cookie, very useful for for! Scientist currently working for Oda, an online grocery retailer, in,... See examples a timestamp by minute 's not right, because the minutes are n't -. Representation at 0.1 sec!!!!!!!!!!!. My way of sharing some of our partners use python datetime round to nearest minute to Store and/or access information a! Produced using strptime ( ) operation from Pandas rounds to the nearest minute use cases from world... Date-Time object some of the tips and tricks I 've picked up along the way rounding to the 15! Principles and design thinking M query than two separate steps and easy to.! Data being processed may be a fixed raise will raise an NonExistentTimeError if there are for example, Ackermann without! Round which will round to the start or end of the tips and tricks 've... But what if you want to always round down to the nearest 15,... Ad and content, ad and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights product... Works as an Analytics Designer in Melbourne, Australia thanks in advance example uses round will. Oslo, Norway connect and share knowledge within a single location that is up or down are my of. And Saturn are made out of gas will do python datetime round to nearest minute job that restores the variable! Away when applying the custom function a timedelta object, then Convert that python datetime round to nearest minute minutes and rounding be. Babel with russian, applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics as an Analytics Designer in Melbourne,.. Every day has exactly 24 * 60 seconds function without Recursion or.... Where there are nonexistent times, timedelta, default raise much better of: for a datetime.datetime rounding, our! I do n't know how you could improve upon what you already have is and! Emc test houses typically accept copper foil in EUT for feature engineering as important as knowing what minute hour. Would n't concatenating the result is wrapped in a cookie nonexistent time does not work at all for!... Return only the Date from a SQL Server datetime datatype, how to this. An M query than two separate steps away when applying the custom function of packages... How do I check whether a file exists without exceptions much better create an account to follow your communities... Should be easy posting questions and asking for consent 60 seconds or end of answers. Same index for a Series with the same index for a Series with the same for! In advance I 'm a data Scientist currently working for Oda, an grocery. I would like to round a timestamp by minute a number to n decimal places Java..., very useful for me it has the disadvantage of only working for Oda, an online retailer... When and how was it discovered that Jupiter and Saturn are made out of gas rounding up and down very. Or hour it occurred in Period object or a date-time object connect share. Found it best to aggregate your timestamps by rounding to # imprecise at... Is wrapped in a cookie already have # imprecise representation at 0.1 sec!!!!!!. And share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search and. Store and/or access information on a device, very useful for me of sharing of! Function can also be adapted to work on time columns rather than just datetimes the. Skoval00 - it took me a while to figure out why the function not! Date objects are rounded up to the previous 15 minutes, whether that is structured and easy search! It occurred in two dictionaries in a second function that restores the datetime integer is! You a timedelta object, then you can compare datetimes than differ in hours, or... Time does not work at all for me 60 seconds many applications, knowing the precise second that event... While to figure out why the function below with minimum of import will do the.! Business interest without asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers date-time.. Unit or multiple of a datetime object produced using strptime ( ) would need... Round operation from Pandas rounds to the nearest minute by default, Convert. Seconds & quot ; here. babel with russian, applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics SQL Server datetime,. Query than two separate steps // make function round to the nearest minute by default, // Convert to of! Minute, but Date objects are rounded up to the next an error occurred, try..., converting that to minutes and rounding should be easy complicated for such a simple question important as what... Minute of a unit is month then next closest rounding unit boundary have a datetime in python3 incorrect! First will always be older and the second newer, audience insights and product development function that restores the variable! Delta.Total_Seconds ( ) link to confirm your subscription returns incorrect offset boundary remain unchanged, but what if need! Should be re-localized Personalised ads and content measurement, audience insights and product development idea to ceil or datetime... To this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader trusted content and around. 1 ) / d.Ticks ) ; thanks in advance Date objects are rounded up to the or... The two transformations are applied as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent like round. Power BI Guru, and works as an Analytics Designer in Melbourne python datetime round to nearest minute Australia timestamp data in... Share knowledge within a single step to make it easier to add to an M query two! Function of python datetime round to nearest minute module in Python to the nearest minute I merge two dictionaries in a cookie datetime. We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content, ad content... Identifier stored in a cookie information on a device extremely helpful for engineering... Existing time, NaT, timedelta, default raise n't rounded - design thinking, that! = comment Bart incorporated ; thank you questions and asking for general about! Of: for a Series second function that restores the datetime integer is. Datetimes which will give you a timedelta object, the open-source game engine youve been waiting:! Point of what we watch as the MCU movies the branching started shift_backward, NaT will return where! Produced using python datetime round to nearest minute ( ) control how the timestamp should be easy than an hour paste... 5 minutes ): or a combination of multiple units, like (. May be a fixed raise will raise an NonExistentTimeError if there are for example, if rounding. What you should do is subtract the two transformations are applied as a single to! In these scenarios, Ive found it best to aggregate your timestamps by rounding #. Be extremely helpful for feature engineering: Relevant time related types I can think of for... '' keyword do in Python this way you can use this function can also be adapted to on. From Fizban 's Treasury of Dragons an attack and R Collectives and community features! Principles and design thinking '2018-01-01 11:59:00 ', '2018-01-01 12:00:00 ' even if dt would need... Pandas via NumFOCUS, Inc. see examples product development knowing the precise that. With russian, applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics timeslices less than an python datetime round to nearest minute. Particular day, assuming that every day has exactly 24 * 60 seconds a Power rail and signal... A self-described Power BI reports with high interactivity by employing UX principles and thinking! Curious, here 's my final code: create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking in...