Algeria, meanwhile, achieved liberation in 1962 after a long and bloody civil war. For this reason, Algeria is extremely wary of attempts by NATO, especially France, the US and Britain, to interfere both in its internal affairs and those of other countries. Could the situation descend into a full-blown conflict? Tensions remain high between Algeria and Morocco over their opposing stances on the status of Western Sahara. First came the Algerian energy ministers announcement that the contract for the Maghreb-Europe gas pipeline, which distributes natural gas to Spain, would not be renewed - halting to all intents and purposes gas supplies to Morocco. Obviously, you (Continue reading) [8] About 57 Moroccans and 379 Algerians were taken prisoner. [25] These factors prompted Hassan to begin moving troops towards Tindouf. Algeria is one of the few Arab countries that maintains tie with the Syrian Government under Bashar al-Assad, and has defended the government within the Arab League. Evoking friendly meetings with Morocco's King Mohamed VI and Algerian President Abdelmadjid Tebboune, Macron said he wanted to focus on what the . This move has been surprising and indicates that there is a new stage of tension between the two countries. The incident is just the latest in a months-long dispute between the two North African nations, but this ever-escalating feud could quickly turn into something much . A War of Words: Russia and the . Tebboune accused Morocco of perpetrating hostile acts. She believes that neither side can really afford to push the envelope too far. Which African countries are still under French rule? Drones are light, cheap and easily transported and hidden. Numbers released in 2018 by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (Sipri)show that other countries involved in conflict zones spend less on national defence, including Israel (4.3 percent), the United States (3.2 percent) and Turkey (2.5 percent). The PCA emerged in 1920 as an extension of the French Communist Party (PCF) and eventually became a separate entity in 1936. Moreover, very recently The Jerusalem Post published an article saying that tensions between Algeria and Morocco are increasing by day. The war's implications for Putin's army, economy, society, and regime are many, and the costs will linger for years, if not decades, argues Stanford University's Michael McFaul. This article has been translated from theMEE French edition. The land border between Morocco and Algeria has already been closed since 1994 at the behest of the Algerian regime, after Morocco blamed its secret services for a terrorist attack in a hotel in Marrakech carried out by French citizens of North African descent, imposed visas for Algerian nationals, and expelled those who didn't hold residence By Andrew G. Farrand. Pakistan. With the breakdown of the status quo, the nearly 50-year-old antagonism between the countries is now playing out on the military front. The Sand War led to heightened tensions between the two countries for several decades. According to the Sipri annual report of 2021, Morocco is now the third-largest arms importer in Africa, just behind Egypt and Algeria. Despite a truce in 1991, both sides have been at loggerheads for years. Called the War of the Sands, this war refers to the attack of the Algerian army on Moroccan troops which caused the death of 12 Moroccan soldiers. The decision was "completely unjustified", Rabat said. 31. As a result of this policy, several African countries have opened consulates in Western Sahara and thereby effectively declared their support for Morocco, thanks also to French pressure on former colonies in Central and Western Africa, at the explicit instigation of Washington. [5], Moroccan forces had planned a second offensive on Tindouf and occupied positions about four kilometres from the settlement. November 2020 unleashed pandora's box following the military intervention in Guerguerat and Washington's recognition of Rabat's sovereignty over Western Sahara. Even the name "Algeria" was only given by Continue Reading 207 68 Sponsored by Forbes Advisor What are the best home insurance rates of 2023? These developments were all it took for both countries media outlets to launch into virulent and often insulting smear campaigns against the opposing side. A presidential statement confirms that Tebboune had given the order to not renew the contract "in light of the hostile behavior of the (Moroccan) kingdom which undermines national unity.". The Western Sahara conflict. Solar panel initiatives are already up and running but Morocco isfar from being energy-sufficient enough to cover such a loss. [17] The conflict ended with the annexation of the Touat-Gourara-Tidikelt complex by France in 1901.[18]. [39] Finally, the accord suggested an immediate gathering of the Foreign Ministers of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). The killing of thethree drivers on a desert road is the latest peak in a series ofgrowing tensionsbetween the two Maghreb states that support opposite sides of the dispute over the Western Sahara territory, a former Spanish colony. [7] Moroccan losses were probably lower than the Algerians' but are unconfirmed,[6] with later sources reporting 200 Moroccan dead. The Algerian War, also known as the Algerian Revolution or the Algerian War of Independence, and sometimes in Algeria as the War of 1 November, was fought between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (French: Front de Libration Nationale - FLN) from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria winning its . After Morocco became a French protectorate in 1912, the French administration set borders between the two territories, but these tracks were often misidentified (Varnier line in 1912, Trinquet line in 1938), and varied from one map to another,[19] since for the French administration these were not international borders and the area was virtually uninhabited. Algeria currently enjoys very strong relations with Russia. Copyright 2014 - 2023. In the case of UNFP, its leader, Mehdi Ben Barka, sided with Algeria, and was sentenced to death in absentia as a result. In Algeria, the army is the key state institution which much of the countrys well-being is based around; historically, the first leaders of an independent PDRA were military commanders of the National Liberation Front, set up to liberate the country from French colonial forces. Just a few days later, Algeria formally broke diplomatic relations with the Makhzen. It is a move that Algerian diplomats are well acquainted with, having long used it themselves to contain the manoeuvres of Moroccos foreign ministry - witness the countless large-scale military operations organised by the Algerian army in each of its militarised regions, and especially on the Moroccan border. Morocco and Algeria fought a short border war after the latter's independence from France in the fall of 1963, and Algeria has long supported the Polisario Front in its struggle against Morocco for control of the Western Sahara. Online tool for comparing the current military strengths of two world powers. Morocco caught up with Algeria . While the Algerian army is based on the Soviet-Russian model, the Moroccan army is more like a copy of the US army. [28] Ironically, at least four AMX-13s had also been donated by Morocco a year earlier. [23], Multiple actors, including the Arab League, Tunisia's Habib Bourguiba, Libya's King Idris, and Ethiopia's Emperor Haile Selassie, sought to moderate negotiations. The crew of guided-missile destroyer USS Russell, pictured in December 2020: U.S. ships are manned by far more experienced personnel. The Western Sahara question has poisoned more than just Moroccan-Algerian relations. [11][30] They possessed forty T-54 main battle tanks that they had purchased from the Soviet Union, twelve SU-100 tank destroyers, seventeen AMX-13s, and a fleet of gun-armed Panhard EBR armored cars. However, Morocco's ONEE was quick to assure in a statement that "the decision announced by the Algerian authorities not to renew the agreement on the Maghreb-Europe gas pipeline will currently have only a minimal impact on the performance of the national electricity system.". Algeria said . Laura Wrzeski Science Junkie Author has 2.2K answers and 3.6M answer views 1 y Arms dealers would win. We believe that Africa is poorly represented, and badly under-estimated. Three factors contributed to the outbreak of this conflict: the absence of a precise delineation of the border between Algeria and Morocco, the discovery of important mineral resources in the disputed area, and the Moroccan irredentism fueled by the Greater Morocco[9] ideology of the Istiqlal Party and Allal al-Fassi.[10]. Rabat turns to US and French suppliers, while Algiers sticks with Russian-made military goods. In reality, it is explained by the nature of power in Algeria, which, The United Nations has attempted to negotiate a settlement on the dispute, but Trump's announcement means the United States will be the first Western nation to officially endorse Morocco's claims. [26], The Algerian forces began to retaliate against the Moroccan advances, taking back the ports of Hassi-Beida and Tindjoub on October 8. First of all, this has been caused by provocative actions of external actors regarding the conflict in Western Sahara, and in particular the steps by the Trump administration to recognize Moroccan sovereignty over the disputed territory in late 2020. Morocco, consequently, closed off its borders briefly but Algeria used the decision as an . A war between these two near superpowers is like a fight between twins. It has the fifth-largest economy in Africa and wields significant influence in both Africa and the Arab world; it is considered a middle power in global affairs and holds membership in the Arab League, the Union for the Mediterranean, and the African Union. Though Algerias official press service, Algrie Presse Service, routinely picks up these stories, they are a perplexing mix of fact and fiction. With warlike rhetoric, Algerian diplomacy blamed Morocco for aggressions, threats and terrorist attacks. Located on the northwest coast of Africa and bordering Morocco, Algeria and Mauritania, Western Sahara - with just 500,000 people - has been the subject of a 47-year territorial dispute between the Polisario Front and Morocco.. Endowed with phosphate and fishing waters, the region became a Spanish colony after the Berlin Conference in 1885. [24] Ben Bella's fledgling administration was still attempting to rebuild the country after the enormous damage caused by the Algerian War, and was already pre-occupied with an insurgency by the FFS led by Hocine At Ahmed opposed to Ben Bella's autocratic rule. Medgaz was the backup plan. Il travaille notamment sur les questions relatives au leadership, la formation des lites politiques et la gouvernabilit. Click 'COMPARE' to process the request. The invasion of Algeria began in the last days of the Bourbon Restoration by Charles X of France. The military doctrines of both countries are based on the constant threat from a neighboring state, and the ongoing arms race between them is extremely costly for both countries, especially given the current global economic crisis. [29] The Soviet Union supplied Algeria with ten T-34 tanks, but these were equipped for clearing minefields and were delivered without turrets or armament. [28], Morocco's armed forces were smaller, but comparatively well-equipped and frequently took advantage of their superior firepower on the battlefield. Who would win in a conventional war between Algeria, Morocco, Egypt vs Angola, Zambia, Rwanda? In August 2021, Algeria's foreign minister, Ramdane Lamamra, announced that Algiers was severing . But history shows that countries do not always have complete control over the scale of their own aggression, as seemingly minor escalations have quickly degenerated in the past. [5] The United States feared the escalation and internationalization of the war, particularly wanting to avoid Soviet intervention, and therefore advocated for the peaceful resolution of the conflict. The Algerian and Moroccan militaries rank second and fifth in Africa, respectively, and shell out dizzying sums to acquire the latest equipment. He is the author of Who governs Morocco: a sociological study on political leadership (L'Harmattan, 2015). In this paper, I argue that the Algeria-Morocco diplomatic crisis is a modern-day "Sand War," taking escalation from the previous internal conflict of the '60s and modernizing the mechanisms and problem at hand that have continuously stirred conflict in the Northern Africa region. The conflict was a Cold War theater: Algeria was . Ties stretch back to the 1795 Treaty of Peace and Amity, and in the modern era diplomatic relations date from 1962, when Algeria became independent from France. Faroukdistinguished himself when commanding "African Lion 21",joint Moroccan-US exercises hosted by Morocco in June. In Algiers, Moroccos latest moves have been a clear source of tension at a time when Algerias once highly influential diplomatic corps is starting to pick up the pieces after 20 years of stagnation under former president Abdelaziz Bouteflikas regime. but in the long run India's mighty numbers will win the war. What did the US do in the Algerian War? Wake up to the essential with the Editor's picks. First, it should not be forgotten that such an escalation between these countries could hit gas prices, which could be particularly painful for Europe. [23] However, Hassan was reluctant to authorise it, fearing that another battle would prompt further military intervention from Algeria's allies. The Moroccan regime seems determined to respond to Algerias acts of diplomatic hostility with military action, as Mohammed VIs recent appointment of Lieutenant General Belkhir el-Farouks as inspector general of the FAR goes to show. [22] The French government refused. List of wars involving Morocco and the former entities that ruled the current Morocco. They are based on google searches and volume search and are for entertainment purposes. Morocco is also concerned about Algeria's increasingly positive ties with European nations. Algeria's fate is tied to the Ukraine crisis. Since severing diplomatic ties with Rabat on 24 August, Algerias relations with neighbouring Morocco have grown increasingly fraught. Nepal. I do not know how this soothes you. Next, Algerias High Security Council announced that it was closing its airspace to all Moroccan civilian and military aircraft as well as those with Moroccan registration numbers. Did Morocco help Algeria gain independence? The issue that would come to most dominate Algeria-Morocco relations in the 20th and 21st centuries is undoubtedly the question of Western Sahara. In terms of military advantage, Algerias troops are generally considered to be more combat-ready, primarily because of their almost constant warfare against groups of radical Islamists based in the desert areas of the country, with all their personnel regularly taking part in anti-terrorist operations. Only England and Wales jurisdiction apply in all legal matters. ", This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 22:34. In 2015, Algeria's military budget was $11 billion, while Morocco's was only $3 billion. In addition, Morocco has been keen on mending ties with various European countries, among them Germany, after several fallouts in the past year. Morocco is a strong partner in counterterrorism efforts and works closely with U.S. law enforcement to safeguard both countries' national security interests. [4] The Royal Moroccan Army soon crossed into Algeria in force and succeeded in taking the two border posts of Hassi-Beida and Tindjoub. And in a deal brokered by the US, the kingdom agreed to resume diplomatic relations with Israel, a long-standing taboo for Algeria which also happens to be the Polisario Fronts main backer. Moroccan activism, Algerian tension Rabat will not back down if Algiers continues on the warpath, A soldier taking part in African Lion 21, the largest annual US joint military exercise organised by the US Africa Command and the Royal Morocco Armed Forces, June 2021 (Africom), Morocco's king and Algeria's generals: The standoff continues, Algeria-Morocco: Heightened tensions as Rabat receives new combat drones from Turkey. READ MORE This year's AU could work to Morocco's advantage over Western Sahara. [22] However, one of the FLN's primary objectives was to prevent France from splitting the strategic Sahara regions from a future Algerian state. Reviews: 86% of readers found this page helpful, Address: 2865 Kasha Unions, West Corrinne, AK 05708-1071, Hobby: Graffiti, Foreign language learning, Gambling, Metalworking, Rowing, Sculling, Sewing. The borders around this region were loosely defined. . In late December, Amar Belani, the PDRAs special envoy for Western Sahara and the Maghreb, criticized in an interview with the Algrie Presse Service (APS) the inclusion of Western Sahara in the full map of Morocco and Rabats attempts to represent Western Sahara as its territory in this way at official events. [33], On October 22, hundreds of Cuban troops arrived at Oran. May 30, 2021 05:00 JST. (1954-1962). ( ) .================COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER UNDER SECTION 107 OF THE COPYRIGHT ACT 1976 Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for \"fair use\" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. NEW YORK: Morocco and Algeria took their bitter dispute over Western Sahara to the UN General Assembly on Monday as they respectively addressed fellow world leaders. Absolutely not Definitely yes 2 4 Federica Saini Fasanotti. [11] In the Treaty of Lalla Maghnia (March 18, 1845), which set the border between French Algeria and Morocco, it is stipulated that "a territory without water is uninhabitable and its boundaries are superfluous"[12] and the border is delineated over only 165km. Given the recent turn of events, it is impossible to believe that Moroccos King Mohammed VI will be content to simply wield the soft power of consensus and regional cooperation once again. The two countries fell out again when Algeria backed the Polisario Front's campaign for Western Sahara's independence from Morocco, leading to the 1975-1991 Western Sahara War. The Sand War or the Sands War (Arabic: , romanized:arb ar-Riml) was a border conflict between Algeria and Morocco in October 1963. In short, Mohammed VI, the supreme commander and chief of general staff of the Royal Armed Forces (FAR), appears bent on using military force to defend the kingdoms claims to what it considers its so-called "southern provinces", the term used by Morocco'sgovernment for the section of Western Sahara occupied by it. 3:18 PM - 4 October, 2021. How to win the hot war in Ukraine - and the following Cold War. However, for Algeria, much is alsoat stakeif they can't meet the demand. NATO: Finland forges ahead of Sweden toward membership, Ukraine updates: Zelenskyy calls for ICC Russia probe, Russian troops step up fight to cut off Bakhmut supply lines. France also actively recalls how de Gaulle gave Algeria independence, with Paris openly seeking to prevent further rapprochement between Algeria and Moscow, publishing in particular in its media headlines that it is Macrons nightmare to find Russians in Algeria. Colonial past. Simply use the dropdowns below to select your global powers. [23] Terms of this agreement included a reaffirmation of the previously established borders in Algeria's favor and restoration of the status quo. Tensions have flared over the past few months between Morocco and its regional rival Algeria over the former Spanish colony which Rabat sees as its own sovereign territory.. Algiers backs the . Algerias attachment to its principles and its determination not to deviate from them are a source of irritation to the Makhzen [Moroccos governing institution], and an impediment to the regimes questionable regional projects, the lieutenant general is quoted as saying. [5] The demilitarized zone was maintained in the meantime, monitored by the OAU's first multinational peacekeeping force. During the Algerian War of Independence, the Algerian rebels received funding from Morocco along with safe havens, arms, and medicine. Morocco meanwhile claims sovereignty over Western Sahara and sees its extended autonomy proposal as a solution to the conflict. Over the past fifteen years alone, Algeria has signed a series of major arms purchase contracts with Russia, including Su-30 fighter jets, S-300, S-400 and Pantsir-S1 air defense systems, as well as a batch of 600 T-90S tanks and some 300 Terminator infantry support fighting vehicles. list of baking techniques SU,F's Musings from the Interweb. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Saad Lamjarred trial: Moroccan singer sentenced to six years in prison, Saad Lamjarred trial: Prosecution requests seven-year sentence in sexual assault case, Morocco's economy risks heavy price with neutrality in Ukraine war, Court annuls EU deals with Morocco over disputed Western Sahara. "Morocco is right to be worried", said the U.S. columnist, stressing that drones may not enable its users to win a war but they can inflict severe damage on various targets, from tourist centers to military installations to vital power grids and power stations. 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