20, 1993, p. A4. In 1982, it amended 2 of the Voting Rights Act to prohibit legislation that results in the dilution of a minority group's voting strength, regardless of the legislature's intent. To the extent that no other racial group is injured, remedying a Voting Rights Act violation does not involve preferential treatment. The District Court below relied on these portions of UJO to reject appellants' claim. If the allegation of racial gerrymandering remains uncontradicted, the District Court further must determine whether the North Carolina plan is narrowly tailored to further a compelling governmental interest. Redistricters have to justify themselves. JUSTICE WHITE describes the formulations we have used and the common categories of dilutive practice in his dissenting opinion. Allen v. State Bd. See post, at 679 (opinion of STEVENS, J. (referring variously to "strict scrutiny," "the standard of review employed in Wygant," and "heightened scrutiny"); id., at 520 (SCALIA, J., concurring in judgment) ("strict scrutiny"); id., at 535 (Marshall, J., dissenting) (classifications" 'must serve important governmental objectives and must be substantially related to achievement of those objectives'" (quoting Regents of Univ. 1984); and, finally, the "concentration of [minority voters] into districts where they constitute an excessive majority," Thornburg v. Gingles, 478 U. S. 30, 46, n. 11 (1986), also called "packing," Voinovich, supra, at 153. Id., at 472-473. Cf. As we have held, one's constitutional rights are not violated merely because the candidate one supports loses the election or because a group (including a racial group) to which one belongs winds up with a representative from outside that group. v. Bakke, 438 U. S. 265, 359 (1978) (Brennan, WHITE, Marshall, and BLACKMUN, JJ., concurring in judgment in part and dissenting in part)); 488 U. S., at 514-516 (STEVENS, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment) (undertaking close examination of the characteristics of the advantaged and disadvantaged racial groups said to justify the disparate treatment although declining to articulate different standards of review); see also Wygant v. Jackson Bd. See Davis v. Bandemer, 478 U. S., at 118-127. Allen v. State Board of Elections(1969) (emphasis added). Connor, supra, at 425. Might the consumer be better off with $2,000\$2,000$2,000 in income? Id., at 50-51. Location North Carolina General Assembly. Race in redistricting is permissible as long as configurations are not too extreme, Christina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole, Government in America: Elections and Updates Edition, George C. Edwards III, Martin P. Wattenberg, Robert L. Lineberry. In response, the state legislature revised the plan in a way that created two districts (the First and the Twelfth) that would have a majority of black voters. The Court has abandoned settled law to decide this case. The shapes of the two districts in question were quite controversial. It may be that the terms for pleading this cause of action will be met so rarely that this case will wind up an aberration. Suppose a person who buys only wine and cheese is The difference between constitutional and unconstitutional gerrymanders has nothing to do with whether they are based on assumptions about the groups they affect, but whether their purpose is to enhance the power of the group in control of the districting process at the expense of any minority group, and thereby to strengthen the unequal distribution of electoral power. North Carolina's decision to create a majority-minority district can be explained as an attempt to meet this objection. v. RENO, ATTORNEY GENERAL, ET AL. ); post, at 684, and n. 6 (opinion of SOUTER, J. 21A376 (21-1087) v. MARCUS CASTER, ET AL. Because the holding is limited to such anomalous circumstances, it perhaps will not substantially hamper a State's legitimate efforts to redistrict in favor of racial minorities. At-large and multimember schemes, however, do not classify voters on the basis of race. Five of the eight Justices who participated in the decision resolved the case under the framework the Court previously had adopted for vote-dilution cases. See ante, at 649. See Part V for a discussion of these dissenting opinions. It deemed appellants' claim under the Fifteenth Amendment essentially subsumed within their related claim under the Equal Protection Clause. v. RENO, ATTORNEY GENERAL, et al. 92-357. See Growe v. Emison, 507 U. S. 25, 40-41 (1993) ("Unless these points are established, there neither has been a wrong nor can be a remedy"). A. Croson Co., 488 U. S. 469 (1989) (city contracting); Wygant v. Jackson Bd. Such approval would be forthcoming only if the plan did not jeopardize minority representation. Justice Whittaker, however, concluded that the "unlawful segregation of races of citizens" into different voting districts was cognizable under the Equal Protection Clause. It rejected the argument that race-conscious redistricting to benefit minority voters is per se unconstitutional. It is for these reasons that race-based districting by our state legislatures demands close judicial scrutiny. It is also unnecessary to decide at this stage of the litigation whether the plan advances a state interest distinct from the Act: eradicating the effects of past racial discrimination. In districting, by contrast, the mere placement of an individual in one district instead of another denies no one a right or benefit provided to others. If it is permissible to draw boundaries to provide adequate representation for rural voters, for union members, for Hasidic Jews, for Polish Americans, or for Republicans, it necessarily follows that it is permissible to do the same thing for members of the very minority group whose history in the United States gave birth to the Equal Protection Clause. 2 See Karcher, 462 U. S., at 748 (STEVENS, J., concurring) ("If they serve no purpose other than to favor one segment-whether racial, ethnic, religious, economic, or political-that may occupy a position of strength at a particular point in time, or to disadvantage a politically weak segment of, duty to govern impartially is abused when a group with power over the electoral process defines electoral boundaries solely to enhance its own political strength at the expense of any weaker group. Draper uses the allowance method for receivables, estimating uncollectibles to be 5% of January credit sales. But it did not purport to overrule Gomillion or Wright. The required return on the companys new equity is 14%. See 42 U. S. C. 1973c (neither a declaratory judgment by the District Court for the District of Columbia nor preclearance by the Attorney General "shall bar a subsequent action to enjoin enforcement" of new voting practice); Allen, 393 U. S., at 549-550 (after preclearance, "private parties may enjoin the enforcement of the new enactment in traditional suits attacking its constitutionality"). 115 S. Ct. 2475 (1995). The question before us is whether appellants have stated a cognizable claim. Of course the Court has not held that the disadvantaging effect of these uses of race can never be justified by a sufficiently close relationship to a sufficiently strong state interest. Justice Frankfurter characterized the complaint as alleging a deprivation of the right to vote in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment. 649-652. The first question is easy. In favor of Shaw. understood as anything other than an effort to "segregat[e] voters" on the basis of race. In this case, the Attorney General suggested that North Carolina could have created a reasonably compact second majority-minority district in the south-central to southeastern part of the State. In Beer, we held that a reapportionment plan that created one majorityminority district where none existed before passed muster under 5 because it improved the position of racial minorities. 5. Const., Arndt. Our conclusion is supported by the plurality opinion in UJO, in which four Justices determined that New York's creation of additional majority-minority districts was constitutional because the plaintiffs had failed to demonstrate that the State "did more than the Attorney General was authorized to require it to do under the nonretrogression principle of Beer." Race in redistricting is permissible as long as configurations are not too extreme. See Whitcomb v. Chavis, 403 U. S. 124, 153-155 (1971). The General Assembly located the second district not in the south-central to southeastern part of the State, but in the north-central region along Interstate 85. Oral Argument - April 20, 1993; Opinions. If the allegation of racial gerrymandering remains uncontradicted, the District Court further must determine whether the North Carolina plan is narrowly tailored to further a compelling governmental interest. The shape of the district at issue in this case is indeed so bizarre that few other examples are ever likely to carry the unequivocal implication of impermissible use of race that the Court finds here. See, e. g., Feeney, supra, at 272; Whitcomb v. Chavis, 403 U. S. 124, 149 (1971); see also Mobile v. Bolden, 446 U. S. 55, 86 (1980) (STEVENS, J., concurring in judgment) (Gomillion's holding "is compelled by the Equal Protection Clause"). Yes; the Court agreed that the shape of the proposed district was so odd that there was no compelling explanation for its shape other than separating voters by race. of Ed. 16-19. District 1 has been compared to a "Rorschach ink-blot test," Shaw v. Barr, 808 F. Supp. "Being aware," in this context, is shorthand for "taking into account," and it hardly can be doubted that legislators routinely engage in the business of making electoral predictions based on group characteristics-racial, ethnic, and the like. Connor v. Finch, 431 U. S. 407, 422 (1977); the "stacking" of "a large minority population concentration with a larger white population," Parker, Racial Gerrymandering and Legislative Reapportionment, in Minority Vote Dilution 85, 92 (C. Davidson ed. See Reynolds, 377 U. S., at 578 (recognizing these as legitimate state interests). 808 F. Give examples of input devices for computer systems. Dissenting Opinion (Harlan):. Did North Carolina residents claim that the 1990 redistricting plan discriminated on the basis of race raise a valid constitutional issue under the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause? What was Justice Blackmun's dissent opinion? See Mobile v. Bolden, 446 U. S., at 86-90, and nn. There is a characteristic coincidence of disadvantageous effect and illegitimate purpose associated with the State's use of race in those situations in which it has immediately trig-. Consider that PC has a 35% tax rate. 1 See Cousins v. City Council of Chicago, 466 F.2d 830, 848-852 (CA7) (Stevens, J., dissenting), cert. As long as members of racial groups have the commonality of interest implicit in our ability to talk about concepts like <"minority voting strength," and "dilution of minority votes," cf.Thornburg v. 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