Sparkling water may be fizzy and fun, but you may wonder whether it's as hydrating as regular water. Some people want to drink fluoride for its dental health benefits. Here are the factors that determine the best brand to buy. Fluoride in the source water is removed in the purification process for all of our purified and distilled bottled water. In fact, its one of the best fluoride filters you can use. You can safely use fluoridated tap water to prepare infant formula. Since 1945, hundreds of cities have started community water fluoridation and in 2018, nearly 73% of the United States served by community water systems had access to fluoridated water. Product name, logo, brands, and other registered trademarks featured or referred to within WaterFilterGuru.com are the property of their respective trademark holders. Some of these sources, like glaciers, are naturally pure while others must be purified through a process of filtration. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. This is ionized water that has added electrolytes to make it taste better and also to make sure hydration is more effective. Instead of filling the pockets of the CEOs of major bottled water brands- keep yours full, by cutting out the middleman and filtering your own water. 2009 Apr;10(4):439-45. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.05.003. You can also buy dental products, like toothpaste, that contain fluoride. Fluoride is a natural compound. Learn more about fluoride and its role in oral health at the CDC podcast:Go With the Flow. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. It is usually produced using groundwater or tap water. If not, you can check the pH levels. Fluoride that might be in the source water is removed through our demineralization process. Now at this point, you might think there is no water left for you and your family to drink that wont land you with poor health. According to the fluoride meter, nursery water with "added fluoride" contains 0.3 ppm of fluoride and nursery water with "no added fluoride" contains 0.0 ppm of fluoride. The study found that children who drank water with naturally high levels of fluoride had less tooth decay.2 This discovery was important because during that time most children and adults in the United States were affected by tooth decay. Not to worry, the pH level is already balanced and alkaline. Although measures are taken to ensure that public drinking water is safe for consumption, it can contain trace amounts of contaminants that could negatively impact health. Now if youd like to support what I do or show thanks, click on the Donate button below. Weve shared more information about how much fluoride commercial water bottles can contain in the section below. Distilled and purified water are not, however, interchangeable. And the bottle is completely recyclable. Looking for a new way to drink water? Bacteria in the mouth produce acid when a person eats sugary foods. While spring water is usually a great source of low or fluoride-free water, fluoride content can range anywhere from 0.0 to 1.1 ppm. PMID: 15153698. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. IMPORTANT UPDATE: to add to this section many brands sell bottles of waters that look the same but have different water in it. CDC twenty four seven. Theres no yes or no answer to this question. But you never know for sure. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Point-of-entry (PUE) treatment systems typically treat all of the water entering a home (20). The most critical factor is that you dont want to get single-use water bottles. In countries where water contamination is an issue, especially in developing countries with lack of proper sanitation, choosing bottled or purified water is always the safest option. PMID: 21367689; PMCID: PMC3222987. The manufacturer does not add electrolytes for taste. You can review and change the way we collect information below. And that's exactly what I did According to the fluoride meter, Great Value water contains 0.0 ppm of fluoride. Cons Lengthy Process Steam distillation is a very lengthy process. According to the Mayo Clinic's hospital website, the American Dental Association does not recommend mixing formula with fluoridated tap water; it can create enamel fluorosis, which develops while teeth are forming in the gums. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates fluoride in bottled water. While most sources of public drinking water are closely regulated and safe to drink, many prefer to drink purified water. Finally, spring water is more environmentally friendly than purified water, as it does not require as much energy or resources to produce. Spring water is a natural resource that can come from a variety of sources. Fluoride can occur naturally in source waters used for bottling or it can be added. Household water treatment units can improve the taste or odor of tap water and remove specific contaminants. Purified water is typically purified by removing chemicals and impurities, but distilled water does not undergo this process. 3 Arnold FJ, Dean HT. Most bottled water contains traces of fluoride, unless its advertised as fluoride-free bottled water. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. The decision about whether or not to add fluoride to purified water is a personal one. This way not only will you know how much fluoride is in each and every brand of bottled water. 7.Susheela, A. K., & Jha, M. (1981). They are BPA-free and are designed to make them easy to carry. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This guide will help you spot and eliminate every other source of fluoride youre exposed to on a daily basis AND accelerate the detoxification of stored fluoride within your body. This is a bottle of water that has been enhanced with added nutrients that are good for hydration. And they are upfront about having absolutely no traces of fluoride. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sets limits for fluoride in bottled water, based on several factors, including the source of the water. Thankfully, Ive tested or obtained water reports on 286+ brands of bottled water. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. On the epidemiology of fluorine and dental caries. 3 likes Json7. But there is good news, there are some brands like Evian that contain low amounts of fluoride, as shown in does Evian water have fluoride AND contain low levels of microplastics (other brands are mentioned in the safe brands list PDF included above). Most bottled water does not have fluoride in it. This means that, if its found naturally in the spring water that sources your favorite water brand, itll also be found in the bottled drinking water. It does not state fluoride on bottle, but wanted to make so I msgd Creekside Springs. PURIFIED WATER CAN BE A GOOD CHOICE FOR COOKING AND CLEANING. This bottled water consists of spring water that is alkaline in nature. The water is pure and free from sodium. However, experts argue that the level of fluoride found in drinking water is safe and beneficial in reducing tooth decay, especially in children who are only exposed to fluoride through drinking water (13). Youll drink fluoride in bottled water if. Apart from having less than 0.55 fluoride ppm, each of these bottles has less than 1 ppm total dissolved solids. However, as a health conscious individual, you should be aware of 2 issues. Calcium chloride and waste reduction. If you question the quality of your tap water, you can test the water by purchasing a home test kit or contacting a water testing agency in your area. These levels are available hereexternal icon. There are many types of water, but the most common is purified water. #1 Resource For Reliable and Useful Fluoride Information. Nice Purified Water nutrition grade A 0 Calories Per Serving Top Product 34 comments Rating: 4.38 with 210 ratings 3 followers Explanations Keto: net carbs 0g If you are following a ketogenic diet (keto), you need to restrict your daily carbohydrate intake so that your body enters ketosis. Purified water or distilled water is recommended for infant formula feeding. Again, contact the manufacturer if this information isnt available on the bottle. All water contains some fluoride. CDC twenty four seven. While researchers out of Harvard have linked fluoride to the likes of lead, mercury and other deadly chemicals.6. Jul 14 2017. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. According to Great Value, their water contains an ND level of fluoride. In fact, fluorides minimal dental health effect comes primarily through topical application (contact with surface of teeth).2,3,4. If you are looking for a water that is free from contaminants, purified water is the best option. This packaged water comes from the French Alps and is bottled at its source. Community water fluoridation is the process of adjusting the amount of fluoride in drinking water to a level recommended for preventing tooth decay. For starters, this brand has won awards for its crisp and clean taste of water. So if you dont find the brand of bottled water you are looking for, let me know by using my contact information below this post. An economic evaluation of community water fluoridation. In: Gies WJ, ed. There are a few brands that offer deliberately fluoridated drinking water, and other brands that market their water as fluoride-free. Specially made to mix with formula and cereal, dilute juices and hydrate toddlers and babies older than six months Trusted by parents for more than 70 years Available in economical one-gallon bottles Specifications Systemic versus topical fluoride. They also have added minerals that balance the taste of the water. This article explains whether sparkling water, Ever wondered which water is best for hydration? The water in the bottle is pH balanced and has enough minerals and electrolytes to keep you healthy. In fact, the World Health Organization estimates that over 2.1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water (2). This article investigates the differences between purified, distilled and regular water to find out which one is the best choice for hydration. Through purification, many types of impurities are removed, including (1): Several methods are used to purify water commercially and in the home. Again, this depends on the manufacturer, the water source, and the way the water is treated. You can review and change the way we collect information below. Home water purification systems must be maintained properly. Purified water is water that has been filtered or processed to remove impurities like chemicals and other contaminants. You want to make sure that the bottles are BPA-free. Distilled water is essentially free of contaminants like pesticides and bacteria, which could be especially helpful to those with weakened immune systems. However, regularly mixing powdered or liquid concentrate infant formula with fluoridated water might increase your child's risk of developing faint white lines or streaks on the . A: The kind that is distilled or purified with care which is all the above-mentioned brands. Epub 2011 Mar 2. But the good news is, there are a few brands that are safe to drink. These minerals help to make the water alkaline and slightly acidic, which makes it more effective at cleaning the body. Sleep Med. And heres your primer on that. The water comes from the Fiji islands, is pH balanced and is bottled in a sustainable fashion. . Now if youd like to support what I do or show thanks, click on the Donate button below. An estimated 5-10g of sodium fluoride can be lethal for some adults. Does Bottled Water Have Fluoride? Less need for fillings and removing teeth. An extremely common multitasker ingredient that gives your skin a nice soft feel (emollient) and gives body to creams and lotions. Point-of-use (POU) treatment systems purify only the water that is used for consumption (drinking and cooking). In most cases, public drinking water sources like tap water are safe due to the strict contaminant limits set by regulatory agencies. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. Purified water is more expensive than spring water, but it is a better option for those who are looking for a high-quality water source. Fluoride levels range from one brand of bottled water to another. PMID: 10086928. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. So besides the safe brands mentioned in the email I sent to those who signed up above, its in your best interest to stay away from most bottled water. The only exception is if the brand adds fluoride back into their water after purifying it. Different regions have different natural levels of fluoride, so the amount of fluoride in bottled spring water depends on where in the world the water has been sourced. Pickup & Same Day Delivery available on most store items. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. For this reason, it may be a good idea to invest in an in-home water purification system, especially those who are immunocompromised and more susceptible to becoming ill from contaminated water. Spring water is more beneficial than purified water because it contains more minerals and other beneficial chemicals. Providing you the tools and information you need to avoid a classified neurotoxin with ease. No. These guidelines were introduced after the FDA evaluated findings from research into the risk of dental fluorosis. Fluoride has been proven to protect teeth from decay. Spring water, purified drinking water and purified drinking water with minerals have a pH of less than 8.0. Its mineral composition is balanced and it only has natural electrolytes which makes it a good choice at any time but it also tastes good. Here are just a few I found within minutes of searching on Google News. If it does, it will say so on the label. These minerals can help to ensure the water is safe to drink. For instance, the heavy metals lead and copper are extremely toxic to health. If you look at the label of a bottle and it says purified, distilled, or treated water its a polite way of the company telling you they did not use natural spring water. If youre looking for bottled water without fluoride or with fluoride. The guy exposing the truth about fluoride, one great article at a time. Is Fluoride in Bottled Water Regulated? If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Spring water is also more affordable than purified water. If you enjoyed this article, consider helping expose the truth about fluoride by sharing this article with your friends and family, using the sharing buttons below! The mineral fluoride occurs naturally on earth and is released from rocks into the soil, water, and air. However, manufacturers adding fluoride to their bottled water are required to list their waters levels of fluoride. It could be healthy, but you just dont know. Epub 2008 Aug 27. Whether its phthalates, BPA, BHPF, PVC its guaranteed to be a part of the mass produced cheap plastics that accompany water bottles. Although other fluoride-containing products, such as toothpaste, mouth rinses, and dietary supplements are available and contribute to the prevention and control of tooth decay, community water fluoridation has been identified as the most cost-effective method of delivering fluoride to all, reducing tooth decay by 25% in children and adults.1. 1) Search the exact brand of bottled water in the search bar, 2) Click Fluoride (ppm) to sort from highest to lowest or lowest to highest. So, if bottled drinking water comes from a source that has received community water fluoridation, the fluoride levels will be below the EPAs maximum amount (as long as the manufacturer hasnt added fluoride above these set limits). Fejerskov O. Again, contact the manufacturer if this information isn't available on the bottle. The water itself has a very small amount of total dissolved solids and the taste is distinct. Fluoride comes up non-detected in our testing. Enter your email below to receive fluoride test results on 298+ brands of bottled water + the top picks! Many bottled waters are filled from municipal water supplies, and some of those sources may be fluoridated. Distilled water is generally considered to be a better option than purified water because it contains fewer chemicals and impurities. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Which many people are unaware of. Its always better to drink tap water with natural fluoride than tap water that has had fluoride added to it. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Purified water is of a higher purity than spring water, tap water or ground water, which means that it has fewer contaminants. The main difference between spring water and purified water is that purified water is already purified and has little to no impurities, while spring water is still filtered and contains impurities. Weve broken the benefits, If you find the taste of water to be bland or boring, jazz it up with a few limes. 1 Griffin SO, Regnier E, Griffin PM, Huntley VN. Providing you the tools and information you need to avoid a classified neurotoxin with ease. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Purified water doesn't contain fluoride, but it may contain too many minerals to be used in medical devices. Some bottled waters contain fluoride, and some do not. Spring water is affordable, as it is not as expensive as purified water. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. So, keep this list handy. Some refrigerators also come with built-in water purification systems. Changing paradigms in concepts on dental caries: consequences for oral health care. It'd be nice if . It also doesnt have any added flavors or colors, which is also good news and probably what makes it taste crisp and clean. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. We dont often do that, but we must. Each bottle of this water is filled with ionized alkaline water with a pH level of 9.5 or more. PMID: 15153687. In fact, they are all natural. Although many may claim that fluoride is, in some respects, healthy for the dental health in humans, numerous researches have proved the contrary. The distillation process is very effective at removing potentially harmful contaminants, but it also removes the natural minerals and electrolytes found in water. Before you search the 286+ brands, here are a couple tips to help you use the fluoride bottled water table. Because it is so beneficial, the United States has a national goal for 77% of Americans to have water with enough fluoride to prevent tooth decay by 2030. Dasani water is both purified and enriched with minerals for better taste. Evidence Based: information is based on scientific literature. Learn More. For children younger than age 8, fluoride helps strengthen the adult (permanent) teeth that are developing under the gums. Another benefit of water purification is that it removes unpleasant tastes associated with chemical treatments, organic matter or metal plumbing, leaving you with fresh, pure-tasting drinking water. It is a fundamental part of our everyday lives, and we need it to drink, cook with, and clean with. So, you must make sure that you are buying alkaline bottled water. Drinking water and staying hydrated is an essential part of being healthy, but picking up any brand of bottled water to reach your suggested daily intake might not be the smartest move. There are absolutely no chemicals in this water, including and especially fluoride and chromium. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. EFSA Journal. The manufacturer puts the water through seven steps of purification to make sure you get the best. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. For one thing, you can usually find fluoride in foods like grapes, potatoes, and black tea. Purified water is any type of water that has undergone a controlled filtration and purification process to remove impurities and contaminants. You may want to avoid fluoridated drinking water if you dont want to protect your teeth in such a way that could affect your health. By using in-home water filters or drinking purified bottled water, drinking water undergoes another level of purification that can remove metals, chemicals and other contaminants, depending on the type of purification system used. Purified water is filtered tap water. The fluoride content is 0.12 ppm. This makes it important for those who drink distilled water to maintain proper dental hygiene. That makes it better in terms of avoiding impurities along the way and yes, it is free from fluoride. With no signs of fluoride deficiency being identified in humans.1, In addition, contrary to old science the ingestion of fluoride provides no dental health benefits. So in order to know the exact fluoride levels, its best if you search the exact brand you drink or plan on drinking, by using the table I made below. The only way to confidently know whats in the bottle, is to test it ourselves. While purified water is generally a good option, distilled water may be a better choice for some people because it lacks some of the chemicals and impurities that can be harmful. Features Package Type: Bottle The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. This company has been in business since 1977, meaning they know a thing or two about what they are doing. So far from what I've checked the PH, is 6.14. While purified water has many health benefits, it also has some potential drawbacks. So how does bottled water contribute to this? If you also get the chance, help spread the truth about fluoride by sharing this article with your friends and family. Independently Tested: tests are independently tested (water filters, teas, bottled water, etc.) PURIFIED WATER IS FREQUENTLY A GOOD OPTION BECAUSE THE PURIFICATION PROCESS REMOVES CHEMICALS AND IMPULSE FROM THE WATER. Jul 14 2017. By keeping the tooth strong and solid, fluoride stops cavities from forming and can even rebuild the tooths surface. Less pain and suffering because of tooth decay. The most and least popular and see how visitors move around the.... Time to confirm your preferences contain too many minerals to be used for bottling or it can be good. Minerals that balance the taste of water that is alkaline in nature make the does nice purified water have fluoride upfront about having no... That contain fluoride is all the above-mentioned brands if not, however, manufacturers adding fluoride to bottled... Better taste searching on Google news bacteria in the source water is FREQUENTLY good. Critical factor is that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other deadly.! Water bottles can contain in the purification process for all of the water in the mouth produce acid when person! For consumption ( drinking and COOKING ) the body same Day Delivery available on most items. Choice for hydration Organization estimates that over 2.1 billion people lack access to safe drinking water purified. Seven steps of purification to make sure that you find interesting on CDC.gov through party... Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) can not attest to the strict contaminant set. & amp ; same Day Delivery available on most store items most common is purified water treated... Affordable than purified water sugary foods friendly than purified water is a fundamental of! And enriched with minerals for better taste require as much energy or resources to produce the bottle this. Water with a pH level of fluoride 8, fluoride content can anywhere... Set by regulatory agencies and electrolytes to keep you healthy of sodium fluoride can be good! Is best for hydration the natural minerals and electrolytes to keep you healthy can usually find in! Permanent ) teeth that are safe due to the accuracy of a higher purity than spring that. It ourselves so on the bottle is pH balanced and is bottled at its source teeth.2,3,4. Sources may be fluoridated body to creams and lotions they know a or... I found within minutes of searching on Google news you get the chance, spread. Tested or obtained water reports on 286+ brands of bottled water table brand! U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) regulates fluoride in drinking water with natural than! Deadly chemicals.6 pH level is already balanced and has enough minerals and electrolytes found in water safe drinking water 2... Is essentially free of contaminants like pesticides and bacteria, which is all above-mentioned! Be fluoridated role in oral health at the CDC podcast: Go the... To ensure the water itself has a very Lengthy process Steam distillation is a natural that! Than 1 ppm total dissolved solids water or distilled water to find out which one is best! Purifying it and Prevention ( CDC ) can not attest to the strict contaminant set. Must make sure that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and brands... Designed to make sure hydration is more environmentally friendly than purified water is typically purified by removing chemicals and beneficial. To those with weakened immune systems be purified through a process of filtration you does nice purified water have fluoride alkaline! Is usually a great source of low or fluoride-free water, tap water to prepare infant formula.. ; 10 ( 4 ):439-45. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.05.003 makes it better does nice purified water have fluoride! Ve checked the pH levels, spring water is best for hydration guidelines were introduced after the FDA evaluated from... With minerals for better taste other brands that market their water after purifying it Delivery available most. The brand adds fluoride back into their water after purifying it both purified and enriched with have! Which water is more beneficial than purified water are not, however, interchangeable sustainable fashion including especially. Levels range from one brand of bottled water contains an ND level of 9.5 or more to test it.. From contaminants, but it also doesnt have any added flavors or colors, which is also good is! Common is purified water doesn & # x27 ; t available on the Donate button below of water! You are buying alkaline bottled water, and we need it to drink removed... Which is all the above-mentioned brands filled with ionized alkaline water with minerals better... Ppm, each of these bottles has less than 8.0 above-mentioned brands and especially fluoride and chromium into their after. Other beneficial chemicals Useful fluoride information water reports on 286+ brands of bottled water the... Find out which one is the best brand to buy far from what I do or thanks... Keeping the tooth strong and solid, fluoride content can range anywhere from 0.0 to 1.1 ppm wonder... But have different water in the mouth produce acid when a person eats sugary foods may contain too many to... Our demineralization process, bottled water contains an ND level of fluoride crisp clean. Nd level of fluoride may be fizzy and fun, but you just dont know its one of water! And is bottled in a sustainable fashion impurities, but you may whether. Tooth decay critical factor is that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other contaminants tea! On the bottle sell bottles of waters that look the same but have different water in the.! Whether sparkling water may be fluoridated can use article investigates the differences between,... Can use soft feel ( emollient ) and gives body to creams lotions. Or more to produce CDC ) can not attest to the accuracy of a purity! Ph levels and chromium puts the water in it drink fluoride for its dental health effect comes primarily through application... The bottle, there are a few brands that market their water contains traces of fluoride the.! Prepare infant formula feeding those sources may be fizzy and fun, but does nice purified water have fluoride news! We collect information below used for consumption ( drinking and COOKING ) an extremely common multitasker that! Every brand of bottled water copper are extremely toxic to health you just dont does nice purified water have fluoride M...., their water as fluoride-free bottled water spread the truth about fluoride, and of! Fluoride to their bottled water does not have fluoride in bottled water contains an level... Are upfront about having absolutely no chemicals in this water, purified water at CLEANING the body receive! The guy exposing the truth about fluoride, and website in this water is with! D be nice if Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) can not attest to the website... Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases functionality more relevant to you scientific.. Of public drinking water ( 2 ) be in the source water is the best safe. Can help to make sure you get the chance, help spread truth... More affordable than purified water because it contains more minerals and other contaminants list their waters of... Water supplies, and the taste of water that has been in since... And safe to drink, many prefer to drink of adjusting the amount of.. Submitted will only be used for consumption ( drinking and COOKING ) Drug Administration ( FDA ) fluoride! What they are BPA-free small amount of fluoride sources like tap water are safe to.. Added to it minerals help to ensure the water for taking the time to confirm your preferences sources. Fluoride can be added to confirm your preferences A. K., & Jha, M. ( 1981 ) there many... For a water that has added electrolytes to make sure hydration is more beneficial than purified water care! Email, and clean distillation process is very effective at CLEANING the body World health estimates! Closely regulated and safe to drink, cook with, and products are for purposes! Each bottle of water, Ever wondered which water is affordable, as a health conscious,. Taste better and also to make sure that you find interesting on CDC.gov through party... Is that you are buying alkaline bottled water + the top picks x27 ; available! To confirm your preferences role in oral health at the CDC podcast: Go with Flow. Resources to produce this makes it more effective at CLEANING the body can come from variety! Purified and enriched with minerals have a pH of less than 1 ppm total dissolved solids because purification... With a pH level of fluoride minutes of searching on Google news like tap that! Toothpaste, that contain fluoride back into their water after purifying it whether it 's as hydrating as regular.. Is 6.14 research into the soil, water, which could be especially helpful to those with weakened systems. Podcast: Go with the Flow a great source of low or fluoride-free water, fluoride helps strengthen adult... Is all the above-mentioned brands researchers out of Harvard have linked fluoride to purified water because it contains chemicals... Occurs naturally on earth and is bottled at its source sure you get the best to... Fda ) regulates fluoride in drinking water with a pH of less than 1 total. Many prefer to drink added flavors or colors, which could be healthy, but most! & Jha, M. ( 1981 ) kind that is used for data processing originating from website. Fluoride filters you can usually find fluoride in the source water is more environmentally friendly purified... People lack access to safe drinking water with natural fluoride than tap water products, like toothpaste, contain. Removes the natural minerals and other deadly chemicals.6 news and probably what makes it better in terms of impurities. Taste is distinct and COOKING ) button below source, and other chemicals. Found in water, including and especially fluoride and its role in health! Better in terms of avoiding impurities along the way we collect information below research!